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Eye Tracking

What is Eye Tracking?

Eye tracking is a sophisticated technology that captures and analyzes where and how we look at visual objects or scenes. At its core, it involves measuring either the point of gaze (where one is looking) or the motion of an eye relative to the head. This technology leverages advanced sensors and algorithms to accurately track the eye movements of a user, providing insights into visual attention, cognitive processing, and behavioral intentions.

Whether for advancing scientific research or enhancing consumer products and services, eye tracking technology stands at the intersection of human cognition and digital innovation, offering deep insights into the silent language of our eyes.

How does eye tracking work?

Light from infrared cameras is directed toward the participant’s pupils, causing reflections in both the pupil and the cornea. These reflections, otherwise known as pupil center corneal reflections (PCCR), can provide information about the movement and direction of the eyes.

Academic researchers use information about eye movements and fixations to assess attentional processes, compare group behavior, measure stimuli-induced visual responses, and more.

Most eye tracking is done by reflecting near-infrared light onto the retina in order to get the most accurate measurement.

Leading consumer brands use eye tracking to better understand customer experience and product performance by measuring visual attention to key messages in product advertisements, placement and branding, package design, and more.

Read more: What is eye tracking and how does it work?

Different Types of Eye Trackers

There are different types of eye trackers, both when it comes to the technology they use to track gaze, but also when it comes to their application area. We tend to focus on the application area first, and technology used second, because after all it is what you can use them for that matters.

Broadly speaking there are three types of eye tracking applications:

Screen based Eye Tracking

Eye Tracking Glasses

VR/AR Eye Tracking

Screen Based Eye Trackers

Screen-based eye trackers are devices that measure the eye movements and gaze behavior of a person who is looking at a screen. Screen-based eye trackers can capture and analyze data such as where, when, and how long a person looks at different parts of the screen, as well as the pupil size and eye blinks of the person. Screen-based eye trackers can be used for various applications, such as:

Academic research: Screen-based eye trackers can help researchers study how people process visual information, compare different groups of participants, and measure the effects of stimuli on eye movements and fixations.

Consumer insights: Screen-based eye trackers can help businesses understand how customers perceive and respond to their products, advertisements, websites, and other visual elements. Screen-based eye trackers can help optimize design, branding, and marketing strategies.

User experience: Screen-based eye trackers can help designers and developers evaluate and improve the usability, accessibility, and engagement of their digital products and services. Screen-based eye trackers can help test and refine user interfaces, navigation, content, and functionality.

The Smart Eye Aurora is an example of a high-end eye tracker for screen based research.

Recently published research using screen based eye tracking

Eye Tracking Glasses

Eye tracking glasses are wearable devices that measure the eye movements and gaze behavior of a person who is looking at the real world. Eye tracking glasses can reveal information about attention, cognition, emotion, and behavior in naturalistic settings. Eye tracking glasses can be used for various purposes, such as:

Academic research: Eye tracking glasses can help researchers study how people process visual information, compare different groups of participants, and measure the effects of stimuli on eye movements and fixations in authentic environments.

Consumer insights: Eye tracking glasses can help businesses understand how customers perceive and respond to their products, advertisements, websites, and other visual elements in real-world contexts.

Training and assessment: Eye tracking glasses can help transfer skills and optimize workflows by visualizing worker processes first-hand. Eye tracking glasses can help reduce training times and improve staff performance across various domains.

Neon by Pupil Labs is an example of a high-end eye tracker for glasses based research.

Recently published research using eye tracking glasses

Eye tracking glasses from our partners

VR Eye Tracking

The integration of eye tracking technology into Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) headsets is a game-changing advancement that is transforming both academic research and commercial applications. By combining the immersive experience of VR/AR with the precise measurement of eye movements, these headsets provide unparalleled insights into human behavior, attention, and interaction with digital environments.

Academic Research Applications

In academic settings, VR/AR headsets with eye tracking are opening new frontiers in psychology, neuroscience, and education. Researchers can create controlled, immersive environments to study cognitive processes, spatial awareness, and social interaction in ways that were previously impossible. For example, in psychology, these headsets allow for the investigation of attentional processes and decision-making in simulated real-world scenarios. In neuroscience, they are used to study the neural mechanisms of navigation and memory within spatially complex environments. Additionally, in education, they offer innovative approaches to learning and skill development, enabling educators to assess how students interact with and absorb educational content in virtual settings.

Commercial Research Applications

Commercially, VR/AR headsets with eye tracking are revolutionizing product design, marketing, and user experience research. In product design, companies can evaluate consumer interaction with virtual prototypes, gaining insights into user preferences and ergonomics without the need for physical models. In marketing, these headsets provide a novel way to measure consumer engagement and emotional responses to advertisements or products in a simulated marketplace. User experience researchers utilize eye tracking in VR/AR to understand how users navigate and interact with digital interfaces, identifying areas for improvement to enhance usability and satisfaction.

Training and Simulation: Both academic and commercial sectors benefit from VR/AR simulations for training purposes. Eye tracking data can help in evaluating the effectiveness of training modules, focusing on how trainees observe, learn, and react to simulated scenarios, ranging from surgical procedures to emergency response training.

Behavioral Research: By analyzing gaze patterns in virtual environments, researchers can gain insights into human behavior, preferences, and decision-making processes, offering valuable data for both psychological studies and market research.

Accessibility: VR/AR headsets with eye tracking are also being used to develop more accessible technologies for individuals with disabilities, enabling control and interaction through eye movements alone.

Entertainment and Gaming: In the entertainment industry, eye tracking enhances user engagement by enabling more immersive gaming experiences and interactive media consumption, where content adapts in real-time to where the user is looking.

Varjo XR 4 is an example of a high-end VR/AR headset with eye tracking.

Recently published research using eye tracking enabled VR/AR headsets

A screen-based eye tracker is unobtrusive and attaches to a monitor or laptop.

A Complete Eye Tracking System: Hardware & Software

For high accuracy and precision eye tracking research that generates meaningful insights, you’ll need to think about which type of eye tracker is suited to your studies and how you will analyze the collected data with software. How these systems work together will dictate the quality of your findings.

Your eye tracking system setup may be screen based for stationary studies, glasses for ambulatory, or VR eye tracking in virtual environments. iMotions software is compatible with all three.

Read more: A guide to selecting eye tracking solutions

What is Gaze Mapping?

If you want to measure visual attention to specific elements in the real world across participants with eye tracking, iMotions provides a way for dynamic visual content to be represented by a static image – this is called gaze mapping.

  • iMotions computer-vision algorithm identifies representations of the reference image (left) in the recording (right).
  • The software corrects for differences in distance and angle across participants and maps the gaze onto the reference image.

Read more: Gaze mapping

Gaze mapping is an invaluable tool for multi-participant studies.
Eye tracking data used to create a heatmap.

Eye Tracking Visualizations in the iMotions Software

iMotions allows you to use any type of stimuli for your study and enables you to intuitively visualize your study data. Work with images, video, VR environments, web content, or ‘in the wild’ setups with our core desktop lab software, which includes diverse eye tracking metrics and visualizations. Through software add-ons, you can extend the collection capabilities to also allow online remote studies and mobile data collection.

Read more: Top eye tracking metrics

Eye TrackingPDF

Webcam-Based Eye Tracking Technology – that actually works

iMotions Remote data Collection Module is a browser-based tool featuring high-accuracy remote eye tracking technology that we’ve developed in house and trained against one of the largest eye tracking data sets in the world. Conduct online studies with webcam eye tracking and add facial expression analysis, voice analysis and respiration together to deliver on flexibility and depth of insights with no extra hardware needed.

iMotions Remote Data Collection is the perfect companion for online research and even has a feature rich survey tool. Set up studies in iMotions Lab and deploy through the Remote Data Collection Module, and get insights from a global audience. Include screen recordings in your study and see heat maps overlaid with both individual and aggregated data.

Read more: iMotions Remote Data Collection

iMotions Remote Data Collection gives you high accuracy data from webcam eye tracking and facial expression analysis through a participant’s browser.

Get started with eye tracking using one of our modules

FAQ

Here you can find some of the questions we are asked on a regular basis. If you have questions you cannot find here, or elsewhere on our website, please contact us here.

What is eye tracking?

How does eye tracking work?

How does eye tracking software work?